The Educational Theories Of Learning Popularised By...

Behaviourism is the earliest educational theories of learning popularised by theorists Pavlov (1849 -1936), Watson (1878 - 1958), and Skinner (1904-1990). Behaviourism learning is a change in observable behaviours in response to environmental stimuli. It is particularly applied for teaching practical skills lesson with instrument. van Vonderen (2004) also stated that the behaviourist learning theory is especially useful for demonstrating technical skills. Title of lesson plan: Basic Skills for Endoscopy procedure Aim and Learning Objectives: After attending this lesson, the trainee will be able to understand and to perform the safe procedure into a real life performance context. The detailed learning objectives are as follows: 1. to†¦show more content†¦This lesson includes vocabulary list with definitions, lecture, video, active class discussion, small group activities, interactive endoscopy and hand-on model work. Learning environment Classroom setting which can accommodate around 9 students and 4 trainers to facilitate well-equipped with endoscopy and accessories and pig model for the whole teaching and learning process. Instructional strategy and learning theory: Behaviourism means learning with behaviours that can be observed and measured. The primary aim of behaviourism is to form a connection between a stimulus and a response. The concept of classical conditioning was developed by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). According to Papalia et.al. (2007), they define the classical conditioning as a type of learning which based on the association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit the particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response. 1. Introduction, Goal setting and stimulate recall of prior knowledge (20 minutes) Trainer will begin the lesson with the class by introducing each other and briefly inform the programme of the day to gain the interest of the trainee. Trainer will explain the objectives that will be done by the end of day and what the trainee expected to know. The trainee face only the

Use of Kevlar as a Composite in Aerospace

Question: Discuss about theUse of Kevlar as a Composite in Aerospace. Answer: History Composite materials are key materials since their invention due to their continued advantages from individual materials. Composite materials are composed of several materials in order to enhance some key aspect of the final product. Aramid Kevlar is one of the key composite material which has been used in aerospace industry in order to increase several characteristics and enhance the industry. Kevlar is a synthetic fiber which was developed in 1960s by Stephanie Kwolek (2002). The major characteristic since its invention is the high strength, was used to replace steel in the 1970 in high racing tires, and has evolved it use to the aerospace industry. Kevlar was found due to the demand of a lightweight material which would perfectly replace the steel in its use (Kwolek, Mera and Takata, 2002). In its chemical composition, Kevlar is made of poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate and polybenzamide, which is made from liquid crystal. Initially, before its invention, this cloudy, opalescent mate rial, which is known to have low viscosity, was being thrown away. On the process, Kwolek persuaded one of the technician to run a test on the material and through the test; he discovered that the material was not breaking as it was in the case of nylon (Kwolek, 2009). Therefore, through this discovery, the seniors took the initiative to develop the discovery and come up with the polymer. Nevertheless, through the process Kwolek was not much involved in the development of the Kevlar material to its final stages and helping it to attain its current characteristics. Synthesis of Both Fibers The composite materials are always made of several mixture of materials in order to make their composition. In these mixtures, the materials are chosen in order to bring out the required characteristics, which are meant for specific purpose. The Kevlar is a synthentised material which is made from the monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride through a condensation process, which leads to the formation of hydrochloric acid as a by product (Quintanilla, 1990). The major process for the synthetic process in pol;ymerization and Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was used as a solvent initially. Nevertheless, the safety issues led to the abortion of the use of the HMPA and DuPont is used instead, which is used and it is a solution of N-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride (Kwolek, 2009). The production of Kevlar is expensive due to the use of the sulfuric acid, which is needed to keep it soluble in water as a polymer during the synthesis and spinnin g process. In addition, the protection of the Kevlar against sunlight is key since the ultraviolet component of the sunlight is able to lead to the UV degradation. This lead to the degradation and decomposition of the Kevlar and therefore the composite is mostly made indoors. Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of Kevlar is able to change at different temperatures. More specifically, the strength of the composite is related to the temperatures at the different stages. Kevlar is more stronger at low temperatures as it is compared at high temperature. When the temperatures increase, the strength is able to reduce and the reduction is able to change considering the different level of temperature. At high temperature for instance, the tensile strength of Kevlar is able to reduce immediately and the reduction ranges between 10 and 20 percent (Kwolek, Mera and Takata, 2002). After some hours, further reduction of the tensile strength is experienced. In addition, the tensile strength of Kevlar is about 3,620 MPa when it is spun well and a relative density of 1.44. the bond type for the Kelver (Kwolek, Mera and Takata, 2002) Advantages Disadvantages As noted, the composites have their advantages and disadvantages as well. nevertheless, regardless of the shortfalls, the advantages of the material are able to outdo the disadvantages and this has led to their continued usage in the past few years. Advantages Reduction of weight is one of the major advantage of Kevlar as a composite material. The use of steel and aluminum have been the major materials which have been used for long is aerospace industry. Nevertheless, the use of the composites and more specifically Kevlar has been able to reduce the weight of the airplanes. The weight of aerospace bodies is a key factor which is able to dictate several factors such as fuel consumption and efficiency of the machines. The usage of the Kevlar composite in this industry is able to reduce the fuel consumption for the airplanes since they are lighter than before (Quintanilla, 1990). This helps to increase the efficiency and therefore increase the economic factors in terms of profit generation. In addition, the Kevlar material is formed through high number of bond inter-chains, which lead to higher strength of the composite material. The hydrogen bonds in the Kevlar material are able to increase the strength of the material and this enhances thei r usage in aerospace industry. (Shepherd et al., 2013). The airplanes are able to move at high speed and the need of a high strength material has been required for a long time. The introduction of the Kevlar composite material has been able to solve the problem and therefore enhancing the use and efficiency of this industry. The high strength of the material is able to reduce the number of casualties, which are experiences in case of any accidents. For instance, in the F18 Midair Collision the use of the Kevlar composite led to zero casualties (Circa 2002, no injuries) (Shepherd et al., 2013). In addition, the Kevlar composite has a stiffness factor of close to 125 GPA in tension. This enhances its usage on different positions and therefore able to withstand strong tension forces without breaking. This is another vital key advantage, which has led to the continued use of the material since its invention (Gong, 2011). In addition, the weak interface is able to act as impact protection in airplanes and therefore making the material useful i n the aerospace industry. This helps to create the air and other material resistance and therefore increasing the usage factors of the material. In addition, in terms of the chemical resistance, the Kevlar composite is able to act inert and therefore does not react with most of the chemicals. This means that the life cycle of the material is increased and therefore promoting its usage in the aerospace industry. Disadvantages Nevertheless, the Kevlar composite has its shortfall as well. First and foremost, the properties of the properties of Kevlar is highly affected by impurities such as salts and this affects the effectiveness of the material. For instance, the presence of calcium is able to lower the strength of Kevlar and therefore affecting the effectiveness and life cycle of the material. This is a key property, which is considered in the use of the material, and therefore when the factor is altered the effectiveness is affected. In addition, these impurities are able to affect the bonds and this leads to the change of the strength of the matters. This means that the life of the airplanes and other materials made from this composite is able to reduce and therefore making its use expensive (Meyer, 2015). Another major disadvantage, which is experience, is on the production stage of the Kevlar. Its production is much more expensive than other available composites and therefore this makes the materials much more expensive. This makes the material rarely used and therefore affects its usage in the aerospace industry. At the end, the cost is transferred to the consumers and this makes it uneconomical to use. Another major disadvantage of the Kevlar composite is its degradation when exposed to the sun UV rays and moisture. This means that its usage is altered and therefore cannot be used under some circumstances. This limits the full exposure of the material potential and therefore able to offer limitation during the usage (Fink, 2010). In addition, during the production process, the material is as well skeptical to the UV rays and this means there is a limitation of the areas of production since it cannot be manufactured outdoors. Additionally, at times, the fibers fail to bond well and this creates a point of weakness leading to weak fiber or even matrix interface. This limits the usage and lead to the failure of the parts when much loading is done (Pagen, 1990). This is a key factor that leads to continued analysis of the material and therefore making it expensive to use the material. All the analysis has to be done before the go ahead to use it is reached and this increases the cost o f production and at most limiting its usage. Possible uses Apart from the aerospace industry usage, the Kevlar material is also used in manufacturing of the bulletproof vests and helmets. This is because the material can resist other introduced tensional forces by a large factor. All these fall on the personal protection category for the usage of the material. In addition, Kevlar is used in the cryogenic field due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength (Quinn, 2009). This is due to the enhanced suspension rate of the material as compared to other materials. The material is also used as a personal armor in the military industry. The ability to withstand tensional forces makes it suitable to be adopted in this category (Michael, 2007). Other areas where this composite is used is in the shoe industry, the musical category and fire dancing among other areas. Reinforced composite material are used to enhance the quality of the composite materials. These elements are usually added to enhance the qualities of the composite material, whic h has been already formed. Environmental Impact The environmental impact of any manufactured material is given a great weight in the current days through the green engineering aspect. The environment degradation and climatic changes are led to the increased through concerning the materials being manufactured and this does happen for the Kevlar as well (Fink, 2010). The transportation factor of the material is one of the environmental issue which the use of the composite and especially Kevlar is looked at. Transporting heavier materials lead to high consumption of fuel and this lead to higher release of greenhouse gases and thus increasing global warming. Using Kevlar therefore reduces the fuel consumption and the amount of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. This leads to less depletion of the ozone layer and therefore leading to its enhance use due to the environmental conservation (Quinn, 2009). In addition, Kevlar is carrion resistant and therefore unable to react with most of the chemicals. This means that it is frien dly to the environment and helps to conserve the environment. Nevertheless, the material does not decompose easily and this offers a environmental challenge when the material is already out of use. This means that the material end up in landfills and it can stay there for many years and therefore affecting the soil composition. References Kwolek S. , Mera H. and Takata T. (2002) "High-Performance Fibers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Fink J. K., (2010). Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics, Scrivener Publishing, p. 35 Kwolek S. (May 24, 2009). "Inventing Modern America: Insight :". Lemelson-MIT program. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Quinn, J. (May 24, 2009). "I was able to be Creative and work as hard as I wanted". American Heritage Publishing. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Quintanilla, J. (1990). "Microstructure and properties of random heterogeneous materials : a review of theoretical results". Polymer engineering and science. 39: 559585. Michael C. P. (2007). Molecular electronics: from principles to practice, John Wiley Sons, p. 310 Pagen, D. (1990), Paragliding Flight: Walking on Air, Pagen Books, p. 9, ISBN 0-936310-09-X Shepherd, Robert; Stokes, Adam; Nunes, Rui; Whitesides, George (October 2013). "Soft Machines That are Resistant to Puncture and That Self Seal". Advanced Materials. 25 (46): 67 Gong (Ed), RH (2011). Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. p. 349. ISBN 9781845697570. Meyer, B. (November 9, 2015). "Unaflex adding space, capacity at S.C. plant". Rubber Plastics News.096713.

Prisoners Of War Essays - Aftermath Of War, Prisoner Of War, Warfare

Prisoners Of War Dear: The International Red Cross I am writing a letter to you today to mention how the prisoners of war were treated throughout the second world war. If you have never been a Prisoner of War (POW), you are extremely lucky. The prisoners of war during the World War II, (1939-1945) were treated poorly with no respect or consideration and were given the living conditions worse than animals. It was an extremely bad situation that no human being could survive. They were mistreated, manhandled, beat and even shot defending their country. No one wanted to go to war, but for those men who did, and for those who survived as POWs will always regret it. The Prisoners of War were kept in concentration camps, where it was day to day constant dying and suffering and separation of the family with unconditional weather. 1 They had no real shelter, and kept busy by working, and the odd time even got a chance to play baseball, soccer or some athletic game to stay in shape. 2 They were surrounded by twenty-four hour guard surveillance in the middle of nowhere, so it would be quite useless to attempt to escape, especially at the risk of being gunned down at any given time. The POW were always having to turn their back and keep an eye out for one another. They were considered to be "hostages" and were treated like the enemy. The concentration camps were not very large but were numerous. They contained about 500-600 warriors and were divided into groups of under sixteen, older than sixteen, and of course by gender (Male and Female). 3 This caused many problems with the POWs as they were split from their families, and in a lot of cases, never saw one another again. The Prisoners of War were killed by the hundreds as malnutrition and hygiene eventually caught up with them. They were put to work for lengthy periods of time, and we treated harshly for volunteering to go to war. Once caught, they were taken and placed in a camp, and it was the beginning of the end for the ally. It is not like a prisoner in today's society. The prisoners had to live with leftover scraps of food, dirty water, and no hope of exiting, plus the constant shooting. They were not prisoner whom had committed a crime, rather brave warriors whom stood up to defend us. 4 It is a life no one wants to encounter, and we pray no one does, and we remember how they were abused and how they suffered to protect us. This special day is called Remembrance Day and is celebrated the eleventh day of the eleventh month. BIBLIOGRAPHY WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol VIII. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol III. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol X. 940.53 Gosselin, Luc. PRISONS IN CANADA, Montreal, Quebec: Black Rose Books, 1982 _______________________________ 1. GOSSELIN, LUC Prisoners In Canada (Montreal: Black Rose Books Ltd, 1982) p. 47 2. World War II. "Prisoners of War" Vol III, page 2196 3. WORLD WAR II. "Prisoners" Vol VIII. page 2208 4. WORLD WAR II "Prisoners of War" Vol X. page 2787

Buddhist funerals Essay Example

Buddhist funerals Essay Example Buddhist funerals Paper Buddhist funerals Paper Funerals vary from culture to culture; some are simple and quite, whilst others are loud including partys, celebrating life and death. However for Buddhist a funeral is usually a simple and private affair. There are many different types of Buddhist communities, and each one holds a different type of funeral, from a cremation, to a sky burial. Some of the main Buddhist communities are the Theravada Buddhists, the Tibetan Buddhists and the Mahayana Buddhists, each of them holding a different style of ceremony. The Theravada Buddhists who mainly live in Thailand, encourage a dying person to read or chant passages from the Suttas, they do this to try and improve their Karma as they are very close to the time of their re-birth. After the death, the relatives, pour water over a hand of their dead family member, the body is then placed in a coffin. However he or she is not then just shut away in the dark, the body is surrounded by lights and incense, and sometimes passages from the Abhidhamma will be read over the body, by Bhikkuss. Traditionally the bodies are cremated, as was the Buddha. In Theravada Buddhist communities the cremation usually takes place about three days after the death, until his point the body lays in the home, visited by friends and family, and then at night some one would watch over the body. On the day of the funeral, the body is carried by the community elders, and Bhikkus, at the place of cremation the Bhikkus chant passages from the Suttas as the coffin is being placed upon a pyre, the mourners then light a fire under it, they usually then throw incense into the flame. The Tibetan Buddhists traditionally read the Bardo Thodol to the dying to prepare them for the passage into their next life. Monks carry on saying the Bardo Thodol for 49 days after the death to help the Anatta on its way. In the Tibetan Buddhists views they traditionally cremate the body of the dead like the Theravada Buddhists, however as the Tibetan Buddhists are based in countries with usually scarce amounts of fuel, and wood so the body is given a Sky Burial. Three days after the death, the body is washed and put into the foetal position so that it leaves the world as it arrived; it is then wrapped in a white cloth, the white representing purity. It is the taken to a top of a hill, an area walled off which is usually near a monastery. As the body is taken the monks would chant, and the body would be disposed off at dawn. For a sky burial the body is then unwrapped and a body-breaker craves the body into pieces, then it is mixed with flour, this will act as food for the Vultures. Tibetan Buddhists believe that the body is then taken to Bardo. Bardo is believed to be A human soul between the stages of after-death and rebirth. (1) The Mahayana Buddhists are mainly based in China, the day of the death is very important to them, they believe that as soon as the body is taken the personality goes into a trance for four days in the trance the person does not know if he or she is alive or dead, the Mahayana Buddhists call this period the Bardo, and though out this period monks say special verses. Some of the most important readings that are recited are the Amitabha Sutra and the name of Amitabha. The Mahayana Buddhists also believe that during this period the dead person will see a brilliant light, if it does not scare them, and they can welcome it then they no longer need to be re-born, however most people run away from the light which then fades. The person then relieves that that they have died, and enter the second Bardo, they see everything that they have ever done, or thought. They also think that they have a body, they later relies that they do not, and enter the third Bardo, which is a state in which they search for a another body. * ways morning periods observed * prayers * offerings Buddhist believe in Karma; Karma is everything that you have ever done I your whole life, added up when you die and then weighed. If you have more good Karma then bad Buddhists believe that in your next life you will have a better life then the one that you just lived, how ever if you have more bad Karma then good karma you will be re-born in to a worse life. How great you life can be judged on many points, your family, friends, how wealthy you are, any disabilities, your home, some Buddhists even say that it can determine how pretty you are when you are re-born. This is all decided when you die and enter the second stage of Bardo; Bardo is a place between death and being re-born. Most Buddhist are believed to just be re-born, however there are Buddhists that have reached the end of being re-born, and karma, they enter Nirvana, enlightenment, which is the ultimate aim for all Buddhists. This teaches Buddhists that their lives are in their hands, they can improve it or not. So, Buddhists try to make as much good karma as they can, to reach enlightenment. They do this by following the 10 precepts, which consist of, not killing or harming any living thing, not stealing, not to misuse sex, not to lie and not to cloud the mind with alcohol or drugs, a Buddhists mind should at all times be clear so they can concentrate on reaching enlightenment. The other 5 precepts are not quite as widely practiced, it is usually monks that practice these continually, but are still very important. They are to refrain from eating after midday, to refrain from dancing, singing, or watching unsuitable entertainment. They should also try not to use scents or garlands, they should not sleep on a high or luxurious bed, and they should not touch gold, silver or handle money. Another way Buddhists can reach enlightenment is by following the 8 fold path, the 8fold path has three sections, the way of wisdom, the way of morality and the way of mental training. The way of wisdom teaches Buddhists a true insight and deep understanding of lie. (3) The way of morality teaches them how to behave towards other people and the environment. (3) Whist the way of mental training teaches them the spiritual practices that the Buddha can perform in order to reach Nibbana. (3) Under these headings they have the 8 points of the 8 fold path that they must follow, they are having the right view, the right intentions, the right speech, the right action, the right livelihood, the right effort, the right meditation and the right mindfulness. If a Buddhist follows the rules of the 8 Fold Path, then he is on his way to making himself a better Buddhist, not only this, but the more he or she practices the 8 Fold Path the closer they get to reaching enlightenment which is their ultimate aim. By following these rules, they allow them selves to enter a state of mind, which Makes the mind still and steady opens vast vistas of bliss, serenity and power, and helps them to generate the insights unveiling the ultimate truth of things. (2). Red: Wisdom Training. Right View, understanding the 4 Noble Truths, and understanding Karma. Right Intentions, having Good Will (Metta) and Harmlessness. Blue: Ethics Training. Right Speech, not harsh, rude, false, slander, or idle chit-chatter. Right Action, not killing anything alive, stealing, or sexual misconduct. Right Livelihood earning your living legally, honestly, peacefully, and without harm. Purple: Meditation Training. Right Effort in path of enlightenment, and the undertaking of the great endeavors. Right Concentration/ Meditation, opening your mind, being calm and in control. Right Mindfulness, not being lazy, mindful contemplation of the body, feelings, states of mind, and phenomena.

Are Concerns over Immigration to Do with Culture of Economic Reasons Essay Example for Free

Are Concerns over Immigration to Do with Culture of Economic Reasons Essay Almost all economists are in agreement that immigration has positive economic effects. Indeed in the United States it â€Å"provides natives with a net benefit of at least $80,000 per immigrant, or as much as $10 billion annually† (Bolin, 2006). However despite this there are huge numbers of advocacy groups pushing the pros and cons immigration to the populations of the host countries, with natives having negative views towards immigration (McLaren & Johnson, 2007). Through the course of this essay I will examine whether the root cause of these often xenophobic views towards immigration have root causes in economic reasons (immigrants taking jobs from natives, and leading to lower wages) or symbolic reasons, where the natives are fearful that the immigrants will bring their culture to the host country and cause change. Enoch Powell, the Conservative British politician, gave a warning that immigrants were causing such strife that â€Å"like the Roman, I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood† (Powell, 1969). This turned out to be nonsense, and his advice that immigrants should be encouraged to leave, would have left Britain, and many other countries that rely on cheap foreign labour in a horrific state of affairs. Immigrants are now taking far longer to integrate into their host country and this is upsetting many natives. â€Å"In the past a third-generation migrant, for example in America, would have been expected to have shed much of his grandparents’ identity† (The Economist, 2008), not speaking his mother tongue and having little loyalty to the country his family originated from. This is changing â€Å"as migrants feel loyalty to more than one country† (The Economist, 2008). For example, Moroccans in Europe, even fourth generation, are encouraged by the Government to identify with the African country, and are granted Moroccan citizenship under the constitution. As many source countries such as India and China grow intent on gaining remittances from their emigres, â€Å"migrants even several generations on may come under great pressure to retain some of their old identity† (The Economist, 2008). This can all lead to immigrants never becoming fully integrated into the host country, causing social problems such as immigrants bunching together in the same place. Due to globalisation and time-space compression, it has become far easier for migrants to emigrate further away from their own country, this causes problems as they subsequently have little in common with their host country and find it harder to integrate into the community. Traveling long distances to emigrate is no longer a problem and in the future there will be the problem of â€Å"people moving greater distances and settling among different ethnic, religious and cultural groups† (The Economist, 2008), meaning they will have problems integrating. â€Å"Danes in Sweden or Albanians in Greece have little trouble integrating into the relatively familiar societies next door. Even Poles in Ireland prosper, perhaps thanks to the incomers’ good standard of education and skill and the shared Catholic faith. But Iraqis in Sweden, Somalis in Canada or Pakistanis in Norway typically find integration harder† (The Economist, 2008). Samuel Huntington blames this on the â€Å"great divisions among humankind† (Huntington, 1993) that are the differences between civilisations. He believes that immigration will ‘intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations’ (Huntington, 1993). This leads to a ‘them versus us’ attitude, with the natives having the xenophobic view that the immigrants are qualitatively different from themselves. As the natives of the host country would have spent time constructing â€Å"discursive practices that attempt to fix meanings which enable the differentiation between the inside and the outside to be made† (Doty, 1996), they will resent immigrants not properly integrating themselves into the community. Research on social identity appears to conclude that identity is highly important to individuals, with individuals protecting these identities even if they have no realistic meaning (Monroe, et al. , 2000). People use these identities to provide a sense of self (Sniderman, et al. 2004), partly in order that they may distinguish between those similar to themselves and those different. The ‘identities tend to have their basis in perceptions of differences’ (McLaren & Johnson, 2007)with those viewed as outsiders thought to have radically different values and approaches to life. â€Å"The threat posed by minorities and immigrants may be symbolic in nature and may stem from concerns about the loss of certain values or ways of life† (McLaren & Johnson, 2007), due to immigrants having a significant presence in the host country. Immigrants also often congregate in areas of the host country, London for example has a huge immigrant and minority presence with only 44. 9% classing themselves as ‘White British’ (Gye, 2012), in the 2011 census. This all means that natives are fearful that immigrants will cause them to adapt or change their ways of life. Migrants who preserve â€Å"a strong religious sense that cuts across any national loyalty may be the hardest of all to assimilate into broadly secular Western societies†. In the post-9/11 world Muslims are often seen as being the greatest cultural threat to Western societies. In a recent survey McLaren and Johnson measured anti-Muslim feeling in the United Kingdom. They found that 62% of people agreed with the statement that British Muslims are more loyal to Muslims around the world, than to other Britons, only 12% disagreed. Only 30% of Britons felt that Muslims living in Britain were committed to Britain, with 47% feeling that they could never be committed to Britain. 52% of people thought that Britain would begin to lose its identity if more Muslims came to live there. Clearly there is considerable anti-Muslim feeling in Britain and concern that British-Muslims pose a threat to the identity and culture of Britain (McLaren & Johnson, 2007). Most economists are in agreement that immigration has very little effect on native’s wages; this should mean that natives won’t oppose immigration based on the misbelief that immigrants lower wages. Although conventional economic wisdom states that an increase in supply of labour will lead to a decrease in price, this doesn’t happen. Friedberg and Hunt conclude that a 10% increase in immigrant levels in the population, decreases wages by 1% (Friedberg & Hunt, 1995). Economist Francisco Revera-Batiz came to the same conclusion, noting that although immigration has increased the supply of low skilled workers into the United States, there has been very little impact on the wages of high school dropouts, the lowest skilled people in America (Rivera-Batiz, 1998). One of the most influential studies is Card’s 1990 study on the Miami Labour market after the sudden influx of 125,000 Cuban immigrants in 1980 due to a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy. Surprisingly the arrival of so many immigrants didn’t affect native wages, although it did lower the overall wage level in Miami; due to the immigrants being employed in low-wage jobs (Card, 1990). This tallies with the outcomes of other natural experiments in recent history such as the homecoming of 600,000 Portuguese after the collapse of their empire in Africa in 1974-76, the return of 900,000 Frenchmen from Algeria in 1962 (The Economist, 2008) or the influx of 610,000 Russian Jews into Israel 1990-94, increasing the labour force by 12%; all had negligible effects on native wages. Immigrants don’t decrease wages because as well as increasing the supply of labour, they become a domestic consumer for goods as well as services, they â€Å"create jobs as consumers and fill jobs as producers† (Bolin, 2006). A higher total population, ceteris parabus, will lead to the production of more goods and services, boosting the host countries gross domestic product (GDP). In some rare cases immigrants can even boost native’s wages. Illegal Mexican immigrants, who are â€Å"predominantly low skilled† (Bolin, 2006), have a positive effect on other workers’ wages (Bean, et al. 1998). This is due to immigration increasing the productivity of native workers by â€Å"taking low-skilled jobs, freeing higher-skilled workers to work in higher-skilled employment where they can be more productive† (Bolin, 2006). Based on the results of a range of economists, using results based on a â€Å"range of methodologies† (Bolin, 2006), it can be seen that immigrants have a small negative impact on native wages, although mainly low-skilled workers. Based on this, natives shouldn’t be concerned over immigration levels based on their own wages falling. The popular theory that immigrants ‘come over here and take our jobs’, has been shown to hold very little truth, as most studies â€Å"find no or negligible effect[s]† (Bolin, 2006) on employment rates. The ‘lump of labour fallacy’ is the mistaken idea that there are a set number of jobs in the economy, and when an immigrant takes one of those jobs, it is a job lost for a native. This is incorrect for three reasons. Firstly, by coming to a country â€Å"immigrants increase the supply of labour and hence reduce wages. In turn, cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers to build new factories or expand their operations. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers† (Grinda, 2006), and more jobs are created. Secondly, immigrants are consumers as well as producers. When there is a large influx of immigrants such as the 610,000 Russian-Jews into Israel in the early 1990’s, they are in need of goods and services. People are employed to provide these goods and services, meaning more jobs added to the economy, and immigrants simply enlarge the economy. Thirdly, immigrants are 10 to 20 percent more likely to become entrepreneurs and start their own business than natives (Briggs & Moore, 1994). In 1999, The Wall Street Journal reported that â€Å"Chinese and Indian immigrants run nearly 25% of the high-companies started in [Silicon] Valley since 1980†¦The 2,775 immigrant-run companies had total sales of $16. 8 billion and more than 58,000 employees† (Thurm, 1999). â€Å"Immigrants not only take jobs, they make jobs. They open new businesses that employ natives as well as other immigrants and themselves. And they do so in important numbers† (Simon, 1999). Similarly, the findings by Friedberg and Hunt discovers â€Å"no evidence of economically significant reductions in native employment†. Card, as well as examining the impact of the Muriel boatlift on wages also examined the impact of it on employment. Even though Miami’s workforce was increased by 7%, virtually overnight, with an influx of relatively unskilled Cuban workers he finds â€Å"no evidence of an increase in unemployment among less skilled blacks or other non-Cuban workers. Rather the data analysis suggests a remarkably rapid absorption of the Muriel immigrants into the Miami labour force† (Card, 1990). Again with immigrant’s impact on wages, the evidence seems to suggest that a lack of evidence that immigration causes native unemployment. This should mean that concerns over immigration should not be linked to worries over employment. Due to immigrants being â€Å"disproportionately low-skill[ed]† (Bolin, 2006) they tend to have lower wages than natives. It is often assumed therefore that they depend more upon the welfare system than natives. The level of benefits are often higher in the host country than the source country, and it is often suggested that it is this difference that brings in migrants. Borjas coined the term â€Å"welfare magnet effect† (Borjas, 1999), making the point that immigrants are drawn to the country with the highest benefits. This however has all been shown to be completely false, and many economists believe that over the long term immigrants more than pay for the public services they use (Simon, 1999). In the United States â€Å"most immigrants, including Mexicans, are usually less likely than comparable natives to receive welfare†, with the per capita cost of social welfare for immigrants being 8% less than the per capita cost for natives (Bean, et al. 1998). It is plain to see that objections to immigration come from those who are worried about the identity and culture of their nation being eroded, rather than for economic reasons. Immigrants are solving many problems for the host countries, such as the problems of aging populations and those participating in the workforce being increasing choosy about the jobs they do. Immigrants have few economic disadvantages, although high immigration may bring about a small decrease in jobs for the natives, the tax revenue that they bring in more than displaces this negative effect. As the immigrants have little impact on jobs, and simply create more jobs in the economy, disproving the lump of labour fallacy, they don’t have a negative impact on wages which is a positive for the economy as a whole. The argument that immigrants have a negative impact on the identity and culture of a nation holds some truth. Due to the fact that a nation’s identity is made up of what its inhabitants believe it to be, immigrants having different views, can water this identity down. Are Concerns over Immigration to Do with Culture of Economic Reasons. (2016, Oct 02).

Ecology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecology paper - Essay Example The focus of study in the article was to understand how invasive species, pathogens and disease vector affect human health and determine appropriate measures to reduce disease emergence. The study depicts that invasive species and infectious diseases have become prevalent and widespread because of the increased connectivity in human population. The connectivity in the current world has attributed to the disease outbreak. The new developed trade routes in the previously disconnected countries increase human interactions. Crowl et al., (2008) demonstrated that the enhanced transport systems such as airplanes have increased spread of pathogens. The invasive species has become the second contributing aspect to extinction and endangerment of species in the United States after the increased human population and related activities. The United States government spends almost 120 billion dollars to cater for the non-native species in the country (Crowl et al., 2008). The evidence used to support contrasting point of view was the explanation of the spread of the avian-dispersed H5N1 avian influenza disease worldwide. In-depth and integrated network of research platform was es sential in full understanding of the spread and impacts of the invasion species. The point of view that I most agreed with was the fact that modern technology such as airplanes contributes to the increasing spread of pathogens and invasive species. Most disease in the world emerges from a single area and spread to the entire world. The point became convincing because of the evidence given involving the spread of avian-dispersed H5N1 avian influenza disease. Other points of view in the article such as cause of non-native species extinction became less convincing because of lack of material evidence. Crowl, T. A., Crist T.O, Parmenter, R. R., Belovsky, G., & Lugo, A. E. (2008). The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change.

Supply & demand & elasticity issues. Theories of the firm Essay

Supply & demand & elasticity issues. Theories of the firm. Macroeconomic issues - Essay Example The governmental actions include labor reforms which are discussed under a separate head. Supply & Demand and Elasticity Issues, Theories of the firm, Macroeconomic issues Table of contents PART ONE: Supply & Demand and Elasticity Issues 4 1. Supply and demand 4 2. Elasticity of demand 5 PART TWO: Theories of the Firm 7 1. Premises which underline the classical firm 7 Competitive markets 7 Perfect information 8 Full employment 8 Pricing of the products 9 2. Environmental changes 9 Role of the governments 9 Legal system 10 Globalization and liberalization 10 Corporate social responsibility 10 3. Theories of the firm 11 The Neoclassical Theory 11 The Transactions Cost Theory 12 The Principal–Agent Theory 12 Evolutionary theory 12 Behavioural theory 13 PART THREE: Macroeconomic Issues 15 i) GDP and Budget deficit 15 ii) Governmental actions and economy 16 Cuts in spending    16 Tax hikes 17 Borrowing money 18    Multiplier effect 18 Aggregate Demand 19 Aggregate Supply 20 Spe cific actions 20 iii) Supply side reform of the labour market 21 Conclusion 22 References 23 PART ONE: Supply & Demand and Elasticity Issues 1. Supply and Demand - Analysis of Statements â€Å"Both factors of demand depend on the market price. When the market price for a product is high, the demand will be low. When price is low, demand is high.† (Whelan & Msefer, 1996, p. 6) a) The price of a good falls, causing the demand for another good to rise. Hence, the two goods are substitutes. In fact in the case of substitutes, the demand for the substitute will fall leading to the price of the substitute to fall. Example: If the price of mutton falls, demand for mutton will increase, and not the demand for chicken which is a substitute for mutton. Conclusion: The statement is not correct. b)... This essay presents a modern comprehensive analysis of the relevance of the fundamental principles of supply and demand and elasticity concept in the today`s world. Also various microeconomic theories of the firm are discussed in the paper, such as neoclassical theory, transactions cost theory, principal agent theory, evolutionary theory and behavioral theories. The impacts of macro-economic factors on the firms are analyzed. The relevance of GDP and budget deficit to the operations of the firm in terms of its impact on their business is discussed with particular reference to Spain’s economy. The micro and macro economic theories have been evolving over the period time in tune with the changes that have taken place. What is relevant during a particular period of time loses its validity under the changed circumstances. However, the understanding of these concepts is very important for charting out the new course of actions and formulate future strategy Since 1945, many of the premises which underpin profit maximisation have been questioned, in particular whether firms operating in the real world actually behave like the â€Å"classical† firm. There are changes which have taken place in the structure and/or conduct of industry that provide evidence to reject the â€Å"classical firm hypothesis†. Maintaining flexibility in production and supplies is essential for responding quickly to the changes in the external environment which may be caused due to competition, governmental actions or state of the economy.